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The cell debris were removed by centrifugation at 16,000 g for 10 min at 4 C

In the initial stages of obesity, the uptake of fatty acids and glucose by adipocytes leads to the activation of NOX4, the major isoform of NADPH oxidase found in adipocytes, resulting in the increased production of ROS [57,58,59]

Karki, P., Angardi, V., Mier, J

The maturation mechanism of -glutamyl transpeptidases: Insights from the crystal structure of a precursor mimic of the enzyme from Bacillus licheniformis and from site-directed mutagenesis studies

When cells are exposed to certain death ligands or pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), their response can escalate from pro-inflammatory and pro-survival gene expression to extrinsic apoptosis or programmed necrosis if there is an immediate threat, manifested as damage to key signaling components [4]