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Another study highlighted that synbiotics may modulate the neuroinflammatory markers such as TNF- and IL-6 that are found to be elevated in the case of PD (119)

Distinguished features of SOD3 include: Contains copper and zinc as cofactors, similar to SOD1 Forms a homotetramer with a high affinity for heparin and other glycosaminoglycans Particularly abundant in blood vessels, lungs, and kidneys Plays a crucial role in protecting the extracellular matrix and cell surfaces Important for vascular health and blood pressure regulation SOD3's extracellular location makes it especially relevant for protecting against oxidative stress in the vascular system, where it helps maintain endothelial function and vascular tone

This was accompanied by improved overall health status and reduced mortality (Gautam et al., 2004)

The control group comprised healthy individuals with no known neurological or systemic diseases

The data were analyzed using SPSS statistical software (version 26.0)